Chapter 3
Uppers

Chapter Outline

I.      GENERAL CLASSIFICATION

II.    GENERAL EFFECTS
            A. BORROWED ENERGY
             1. The Crash & Withdrawal
            B. REWARD/REINFORCEMENT CENTER
            C. WEIGHT LOSS
            D. CARDIOVASCULAR SIDE EFFECTS
            E. EMOTIONAL/MENTAL SIDE EFFECTS
            F. TOLERANCE & ADDICTION LIABILITY

III.   COCAINE
            A. BOTANY, CROP YIELDS, & REFINEMENT
            B. SMUGGLING & THE STREET TRADE
            C. HISTORY OF USE
             1. Chewing the Leaf
             2. Drinking Cocaine
             3. Snorting Cocaine
             4. Mucosal & Contact Absorption
             5. Smoking
            D. PHYSICAL & MENTAL EFFECTS
             1. Metabolism
             2. Medical Use
             3. Neurochemistry & the Central Nervous System
             4. Sexual Effects
             5. Aggression, Violence, & Cocaethylene
             6. Neonatal Effects
             7. Cardiovascular
             8. Tolerance
             9. Withdrawal, Craving, & Relapse
             10. Overdose
             11. Miscellaneous Effects
             12. Cocaine Psychosis
            E. OTHER PROBLEMS WITH COCAINE USE
             1. Polydrug Use
             2. Adulteration & Contamination
            F. COMPULSION
             1. Why Do People Start Using Cocaine & Amphetamines?
             2. Why Is Cocaine (& Amphetamines) Used So Compulsively?

IV.   SMOKABLE COCAINE (crack, freebase)
            A. PHARMACOLOGY OF SMOKABLE COCAINE
            B. EFFECTS & SIDE EFFECTS
             1. Respiratory Effects
             2. Polydrug Abuse
             3. Overdose
            C. CONSEQUENCES OF CRACK USE
             1. Economic Consequences
             2. Social Consequences
            D. COCAINE VS. AMPHETAMINES

V.     AMPHETAMINES
            A. CLASSIFICATION
            B. HISTORY OF USE
             1. Discovery
             2. Japanese Epidemic
             3. Diet Pills
             4. Street Speed
             5. “Ice”
             6. Current Use
             7. Methamphetamine Manufacture
            C. EFFECTS
             1. Routes of Administration
             2. Neurochemistry
             3. Physical Effects
             4. Mental & Emotional Effects
             5. Effects of “Ice”
             6. Right-Handed & Left-Handed Molecules

VI.   AMPHETAMINE CONGENERS
            A. METHYLPHENIDATE (Ritalin®) & ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY
                 DISORDER [ADHD]
             1. Diagnosis of ADHD
             2. Epidemiology
             3. Pharmacotherapy for ADHD
             4. Concerns Regarding ADHD Pharmacotherapy
            B. DIET PILLS

VII.  LOOKALIKE & OVER-THE-COUNTER (OTC) STIMULANTS
            A. LOOKALIKES
            B. OTHER OVER-THE-COUNTER STIMULANTS 

VIII. MISCELLANEOUS PLANT STIMULANTS
            A. KHAT & METHCATHINONE
             1. Khat (“qat,” “shat,” “miraa”)
             2. Methcathinone
            B. BETEL NUTS
            C. YOHIMBE
            D. EPHEDRA (EPHEDRINE)
             1. Herbal Ecstasy®& Herbal Nexus®

IX.    CAFFEINE
            A. HISTORY OF USE
             1. Tea
             2. Coffee
             3. Cocoa
             4. Caffeinated Soft Drinks (colas)
             5. Other Plants Containing Caffeine
            B. PHARMACOLOGY
            C. PHYSICAL & MENTAL EFFECTS
            D. TOLERANCE, WITHDRAWAL, & ADDICTION

X.      NICOTINE
            A. HISTORY
             1. Native Americans & Tobacco
             2. Growth of Cigarette Smoking
             3. Smokeless Tobacco
            B. PHARMACOLOGY
             1. Nicotine
             2. Craving
            C. TOLERANCE, WITHDRAWAL, & ADDICTION
             1. Tolerance
             2. Withdrawal
             3. Addiction
            D. EPIDEMIOLOGY
            E. SIDE EFFECTS
             1. Longevity
             2. Cardiovascular Effects
             3. Respiratory Effects
             4. Cancer
             5. Fetal Effects
             6. Smokeless Tobacco Effects
            F. BENEFITS FROM QUITTING
            G. THE TOBACCO INDUSTRY & TOBACCO ADVERTISING
             1. The Business of Tobacco
             2. Advertising
            H. SURGEON GENERAL’S REPORT ON SMOKING & HEALTH

XI.     CONCLUSIONS